Military History Leather Photo Album, Armarda Ship Front, Major E.S.Nicholls

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Seller: masontyree ✉️ (2,185) 99.8%, Location: Sheffield, GB, Ships to: GB & many other countries, Item: 175781852519 Military History Leather Photo Album, Armarda Ship Front, Major E.S.Nicholls. Military History Leather Photo Album, Armarda Ship Front, Major E.S.Nicholls Grab a Bargain from me whilst you can.  Bought at Auction. Very good condition. Military History piece. See photos. Believe it to be from a Major E.S.Nicholls, obviously stationed in Germany, possibly Brunswick, some time after the war. Series of family photos and photographs of German landmarks. Dispatched Royal Mail. 

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Coordinates : 52°16′N  10°31′E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the German city. For other uses, see Braunschweig (disambiguation)  and Brunswick (disambiguation) .
Brunswick Braunschweig  (German ) Bronswiek  (Low German )
City
Clockwise from top: Castle Square with Brunswick Cathedral , Dankwarderode Castle  and the Brunswick Lion , Happy Rizzi  House, Town Hall, Brunswick Palace , Old Town market with the Church of Saint Martin and the Alte Waage  with the Church of Saint Andrew
Flag Coat of arms
show Location of Brunswick within Lower Saxony
Brunswick Show map of GermanyShow map of Lower SaxonyShow all
Coordinates: 52°16′N  10°31′E
CountryGermany
State Lower Saxony
District Urban district
Founded9th century
Subdivisions19 boroughs
Government
 • Lord mayor  (2021–26) Thorsten Kornblum[1]  (SPD )
Area
 • City 192.13 km2 (74.18 sq mi)
Elevation 75 m (246 ft)
Population  (2021-12-31)[3]
 • City 248,823
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)
 • Metro 1,150,000[2]
Time zone UTC+01:00  (CET )
 • Summer (DST ) UTC+02:00  (CEST )
Postal codes 38100–38126
Dialling codes 0531, 05307, 05309, 05300
Vehicle registration BS
WebsiteBraunschweig.de

Braunschweig  (German:  [ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪk]  ( listen ) ) or Brunswick [4]  (English:  /ˈ b r ʌ n z w ɪ k /  BRUN -zwik ; from Low German  Brunswiek , local dialect: Bronswiek   [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk] ) is a city  in Lower Saxony , Germany, north of the Harz  Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker , which connects it to the North Sea  via the rivers Aller  and Weser . In 2016, it had a population of 250,704.

A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League  from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel  (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick  (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick  (1918–1946).

Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research  and development.[5]

History [ edit ] See also: Timeline of Braunschweig Dankwarderode Castle

Foundation and early history [ edit ]

The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Brun(o) , a Saxon  count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle  ("Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.[6] [7]

The town's original name of Brunswik  is a combination of the name Bruno and Low German  wik  (related to the Latin vicus ), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, indicates an ideal resting place, as it lay by a ford across the Oker River. Another explanation of the city's name is that it comes from Brand , or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning.[8]  The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as Brunesguik .[7]

Middle Ages and early modern period [ edit ] Brunswick in the 16th century, from the Civitates orbis terrarum  by Georg Braun  and Frans Hogenberg Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with lion statue

Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the Brunonids , then, through marriage, it fell to the House of Welf . In 1142, Henry the Lion  of the House of Welf became duke of Saxony  and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the Duchy of Bavaria ). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of Brunswick , into his own Pfalz  and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the Cathedral  of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The lion  subsequently became the city's landmark.[citation needed ]

Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King Henry II of England 's daughter Matilda , sister of Richard the Lionheart .[9]  However, his son Otto , who could regain influence and was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor , continued to foster the city's development.[citation needed ]

During the Middle Ages , Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century.[10]  By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany.[11]  Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire , Brunswick was de facto  ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians  and the guilds  throughout much of the Late Middle Ages  and the Early modern period . Because of the growing power of Brunswick's burghers , the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their Residenz  out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel  in 1432.[12]  The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , took the city by siege.[13]

In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment , dukes like Anthony Ulrich  and Charles I  became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the Collegium Carolinum , predecessor of the Brunswick University of Technology , and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as Lessing , Leisewitz , and Jakob Mauvillon  to his court and the city.[14]  Emilia Galotti  by Lessing and Goethe 's Faust  were performed for the first time in Brunswick.[15]

19th century [ edit ] Landschaftliches Haus , Landtag  building of the Duchy and the Free State of Brunswick

In 1806, the city was captured by the French  during the Napoleonic Wars  and became part of the short-lived Napoleonic  Kingdom of Westphalia  in 1807. The exiled Duke Frederick William  raised a volunteer corps, the Black Brunswickers , who fought the French in several battles.[16]

After the Congress of Vienna  in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent Duchy of Brunswick , later a constituent state of the German Empire  from 1871. In the aftermath of the July Revolution  in 1830, in Brunswick duke Charles II  was forced to abdicate. His absolutist  governing style had previously alienated the nobility and bourgeoisie , while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the ducal palace  in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely.[17]  Charles was succeeded by his brother William VIII . During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.[18]

During the 19th century, industrialisation  caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval fortifications  and the River Oker.[19]  On 1 December 1838, the first section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway  line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway .[20] [21]

Early to mid-20th century [ edit ] Braunschweig around 1900 Braunschweig on the night of 15 October 1944

On 8 November 1918, at the end of World War I , a socialist  workers' council  forced Duke Ernest Augustus  to abdicate.[22] [23]  On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany  (USPD); however, the subsequent Landtag election  on 22 December 1918 was won by the Social Democratic Party of Germany  (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a coalition government .[24]  An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the communist  Spartacus League , was defeated when Freikorps  troops under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker  took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, Gustav Noske .[25] [26]  An SPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new constitution  was approved for the Free State of Brunswick , now a parliamentary republic  within the Weimar Republic , again with Braunschweig as its capital.[27]

After the Landtag election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the Nazis  participated in government, when the National Socialist German Workers' Party  (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties.[28]  With the support of Dietrich Klagges , Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large SA  rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured.[29]  On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted Adolf Hitler  German citizenship to allow him to run in the 1932 German presidential election .[30]  In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.[31]

After the Nazi seizure of power  in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt  in Völkenrode , the Hitler Youth  Academy for Youth Leadership ,[32]  and the SS -Junkerschule Braunschweig .[33]  With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring  in Salzgitter  and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens , as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing  and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig ), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry .[34]

During the Second World War , Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of Wehrkreis XI  (one of Germany's military districts),[35]  and was the garrison city of the 31st Infantry Division  that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia.[citation needed ] In this period, thousands of Eastern workers  were brought to the city as forced labor ,[36]  and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen  ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").[37]

In 1944, a subcamp of the concentration camp Neuengamme was established in Braunschweig. Hundreds of prisoners, mostly Jews, lived in brutal conditions and hundreds died from hunger, disease, and overwork. Piera Sonnino (1922-1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in that camp in her book, This Has Happened , published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.[citation needed ]

The Allied air raid  on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the Altstadt  (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.[38]

The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a Nationale Weihestätte  (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.[39]

Postwar period to the 21st century [ edit ]

Small sections of the city survived Allied bombing, so remain to represent its distinctive architecture.[40]  The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant  church.[41]

Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities , Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony .[42]

During the Cold War , Braunschweig, then part of West Germany , suffered economically due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain . The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then East Germany ; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.[43]

On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the rural district  of Braunschweig , which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.[44]

In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid.[citation needed ] The façade of the Braunschweiger Schloss  was rebuilt, and buildings such as the Alte Waage  (originally built in 1534) now stand again.[45] [46]

Population [ edit ] Historical population
YearPop.±%
133016,000 —    
175822,500 +40.6%
178826,000 +15.6%
181127,600 +6.2%
183035,300 +27.9%
184939,000 +10.5%
188075,000 +92.3%
1890100,000 +33.3%
1900128,200 +28.2%
1925146,900 +14.6%
1939196,068 +33.5%
1951231,091 +17.9%
1956240,431 +4.0%
1961246,085 +2.4%
1966234,665 −4.6%
1971222,805 −5.1%
1976268,519 +20.5%
1981260,342 −3.0%
1986247,836 −4.8%
1991259,127 +4.6%
1996251,320 −3.0%
2001245,516 −2.3%
2011251,364 +2.4%
2016248,023 −1.3%
2021249,306 +0.5%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Braunschweig has a population of 250,000 and is the 2nd largest city in Lower Saxony . Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest city in Germany, founded in 1031 by Henry the Lion . Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In 1960s and 1970s industrialization boombed in Braunschweig due to many automobile and other companies came to Braunschweig and surrounding cities like Wolfsburg  and Salzgitter . Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000. Braunschweig's population starts to decline in 1980s and started again to grow in 1990s after the German reunification  due to its close distance between Braunschweig and former East Germany  where many East Germans moved there. Today Braunschweig is the center of research and development and called by some people "City of Science".

Religion [ edit ]

In 2015, 91,785 people or 36.3% of the population were Protestant  and 34,604 (13.7%) people were Roman Catholic ; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.[47]

Immigration [ edit ]

A total of 64,737 of Braunschweig's residents, including German citizens, had an immigrant background in 2015 (25.6% of the total population).[47]  Among those, 25,676 were non-German citizens (10.2%);[47]  the following table lists up the largest minority groups:[48]

RankNationalityPopulation (2022)
1   Turkey 4,799
2   Poland 3,618
3   Ukraine 2,096
4   Italy 1,532
5   Romania 1,463
6   Portugal 1,335
7   Serbia 1,308
8   Spain 1,283
9   Greece 1,185
10   Syria 1,031

Main sights [ edit ]
  • The Burgplatz  (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the Cathedral  (St Blasius , built at the end of the 12th century); the Burg Dankwarderode  (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); the Neo-Gothic  Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesque half-timbered houses , such as the Gildehaus  (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the Burglöwe  (Brunswick Lion), a Romanesque  statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.
  • The Altstadtmarkt  ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the Martinikirche  (Church of Saint Martin , from 1195), with important historical houses including the Gewandhaus  (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and the Stechinelli-Haus  (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.
  • The Kohlmarkt  ("coal market"[49] ), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
  • The Hagenmarkt  ("Hagen  market"), with the 13th-century Katharinenkirche  (Church of Saint Catherine ) and the Heinrichsbrunnen  ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.
  • The Magniviertel  (St Magnus ' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-century Magnikirche  (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the Rizzi-Haus , a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect James Rizzi  for the Expo 2000 .
  • The Romanesque  and Gothic  Andreaskirche  (Church of Saint Andrew ), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by Charles Crodel . Surrounding the church are the Liberei , the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany,[50] [51]  and the reconstructed Alte Waage .
  • The Gothic Aegidienkirche  (Church of Saint Giles ), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
  • The Staatstheater  (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.
  • The ducal palace of Braunschweig  was bombed in World War II  and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, library and shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
  • The baroque  palace Schloss Richmond  ("Richmond Palace"), built between 1768 and 1769 with a surrounding English garden  for Princess Augusta of Great Britain , wife of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , to remind her of her home in England.
  • The BraWoPark  is a shopping center near Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof (main train station ), it consists of three skyscrapers , the tallest building being nearly 100 meters or 328 feet tall. The oldest building of BraWoPark  was founded in 1980 which is Business center 1.
  • Riddagshausen Abbey  (German: Kloster Riddagshausen ), a former Cistercian  monastery, with the surrounding nature reserve  and arboretum . The nature reserve Riddagshäuser Teiche  is designated as an Important Bird Area [52]  and Special Protection Area .[53]

Parks and gardens [ edit ]

Parks and gardens in the city include the botanical garden  Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig , founded in 1840 by Johann Heinrich Blasius , the Bürgerpark , the Löwenwall  with an obelisk  from 1825, the Prinz-Albrecht-Park , and the Inselwallpark . Other parks and recreation areas  are Stadtpark , Westpark , Theaterpark , Museumpark , Heidbergsee , Südsee , Ölpersee , the zoological garden  Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig  and the nearby Essehof Zoo .

  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: Bought at Auction. Very good condition. Military History piece. See photos.
  • Type: Photograph
  • Image Colour: Black & White
  • Theme: History
  • Material: Leather
  • Original/Licensed Reprint: Original
  • Subject: Military

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